How significant was Che in the Cuban Revolution Free Essays

string(453) and plan aregood intelligencefor your test ; clarify why youtrustthis author and his/her reason for making the start ; reference the content and its beginnings Restrictions†clarify why the start and plan arebad intelligencefor your test ; clarify why youmake nontrustthis essayist and his/her reason for making the start ; reference the content and its beginnings V A ; L†These developments may relentless up being balanced. How huge was Che in the Cuban Revolution . I am exploring about an incredible figure Ernesto Guevara, the Argentine progressive specialist, who is referred to on the planet as Comandante Che. Found on the planet as a T-shirt, legend, an image of freedom, a man that assimilated the fringes so as to contender for poor people and persecuted laborers. We will compose a custom exposition test on How critical was Che in the Cuban Revolution or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now He Earned all that popularity due to his significant commitment in the Cuban Revolution, from 1953-1959 and in the progressive government until 1965 which I will cover. In this exploration I will utilize Che’s individual works in which he detailed everything in his life, paper data in light of the fact that as an image paper needed to discover everything that he did during the Cuban Revolution, and furthermore I need data told by his confidants who saw him first-gave about what he did. Part B: Summary of Evidence Primary IDEA 1: Importance in Guerrilla Battles Supporting inside informations: Che lead a little guerilla unit that freed a cardinal city of Gabaiguan. [ 1 ] He helped with the Cuban Revolution and was instrumental in creating individuals to oppose the intrusion of the United States in the Bay of Pigs attack. [ 2 ] Without Che’s part especially in Santa Clara and Bay of Pigs we the Cuban Revolution would hold endured longer or it might non hold win. [ 3 ] We may non talk about a Cuban Revolution without Che’s part to it. [ 4 ] Fundamental IDEA 2: Santa Clara fight We with simply 340 work powers won the fight in Santa Clara against 3000 warriors with each sort of instrument of expire and putted a terminal at Batista’s government. [ 5 ] By May 1958, Guevara was basically second-in-order of the enormous gathering of revolutionists that had assembled around Castro in the Sierra Maestra ( history 1990s ) [ 6 ] Che needs to take the acknowledgment for the triumph of Cuban Revolution as he was the 1 who battled in Santa Clara as Fidel was in the mountains. Che won the outlandish fight and made Batista leave the state. After he won he called Fidel and said to him that the Road is detached for Havana2 Primary IDEA 3: With Companeros He had no doubt in standing up to an adversary with enormously prevalent quality, what's more his fantastic valiance, the guerillas could number on a pioneer with a phenomenal feeling of strategies and plan ( Interview of Che’s Companero ) [ 7 ] He oozed a suspicion that all is well and good and affirmation that caused the military work forces he prompted feel bolstered consistently, even in hard fortunes ( Remembering Che )1 During the twenty-four hours he was the unmerciful taskmaster, narrow minded of falling flat and inspiringly sure. In the eventide he showed strategies and the utilization of arms, read to his work powers compose Cervantes, Robert Louis Stevenson and the Venezuelan author ( and ex-president ) Romulo Gallegos, or recounted Pablo Neruda’s Communist Poetry from memory. As they substantiated themselves in struggle, his work powers gladly dedicated themselves â€Å"Che’s Suicide Squad† . [ 8 ] Che continued to Cuba’s first evident, worker based upset. Che continue to nationalize cuba’s industry and agribusiness8 The progression of Che ‘s competency is the way that it was he who drove the military activity that in the long run toppled Batista. Pushing out of the shielding Sierra Maestra, he drove his menâ€perhaps 150â€boldly through the canebrakes and marshes of Camaguey state, fighting toward Cuba ‘s chest. Batista ‘s powers launched with warrior planes, heavily clad battle vehicles and automatic rifles, however could non stop Che ‘s work powers. At the point when they cleared into Santa Clara, in cardinal Las Villas state, Cuba was cut in two, and Batista loaded onto a plane for expatriate.8 Che with the exception of than a Comandante was other than a doctor and an educator to his crew [ 9 ] At the point when they heard shot from a little plane that was bombarding the town they withdrew [ a gathering of Rebels ] . Che reacted immediately, advising the military work forces to remain and fight. He snatched an automatic weapon and began shooting. More than anything, his activity was representative he showed signs of improvement of the terror.1 Primary IDEA 4: Che as Castro’s Brain Guevara gave Castro more extensive horizons, a more extensive understanding rundown, an infiltration into other radical investigations and impressive direct insight of Latin America. ( Cuba-Book ) Castro quickly made him from a doctor to a Commander ( Comandante Che ) He permitted Fidel to take acknowledgment for Guevara ‘s accomplishments, he cautiously contusing the solid Castro grandiosity. ( Time ) He persuade Castro to Communism with competency, political exchanges and abstinence. At the point when explosives were required, Che set up a plant to do them. At the point when staff of life was needed, Che contraption stoves to prepare it. At the point when newcomers expected to larn strategies and subject, Che educated them. At the point when a school was expected to learn provincials to peruse and form, Che composed it. ( Time [ Besides in Companeros ] ) Che supported Castro ‘s leftism, planted the seeds of a profound cutting and fundamental snatch for power. [ 10 ] In November Fidel in the long run turned Cuba ‘s financial framework over to Che by calling him to run the National Bank, which in add-on to moving as Cuba ‘s cardinal bank and bank of issue controls remote trade.8 Che has expanded Cuba ‘s remote trade local armies from $ 50 million to $ 196 million8 Guevara had stomach muscle initio tag along as the force’s doctor, however he had other than prepared in arms use, and he got one of Castro’s most-trusted Plutos. Without a doubt, the unpredictable Guevara, however prepared as a specialist, additionally, on crossroads, went about as the killer ( or requested the executing ) of suspected treasonists and apostates.9 Part B: Summary of Evidence ( Continued ) Outline REFLECTION QUESTIONS: Do the entirety of the realities straight identify with answering your exploration request? Did you notice exceptional insight? Is your recognition from army beginnings? Is your data specific and liberated from examination? Part C: Evaluation of Sources [ 1 ] To increase an Ad: Approx. 250-400 words ( 125-200 words each ) Beginningâ€who, when, where starting was made Aim†region why your start was made Valuess†clarify why the start and plan aregood intelligencefor your test ; clarify why youtrustthis author and his/her reason for making the start ; reference the content and its beginnings Restrictions†clarify why the start and aim arebad intelligencefor your test ; clarify why youmake nontrustthis author and his/her reason for making the start ; reference the content and its beginnings V A ; L†These developments may constant up being adjusted. One side of the announcement might be more prominent than the other DO NOTusage any reference book or Wikipedia DO NOTusage children’s books DO NOTuse general information sites ( like history.com ) YOU SHOULD USE: scholastic articles, books from dispatched antiquarians/writers, essential beginnings, paper articles, sites that have an author and notice their information Reference of 1stBeginning:Che Guevara on upheaval ( Che Talks to youthful individuals ) The start of this start is a book composed by Che Guevara and Mary-Alice Waters. The book contains essential beginnings, for example, addresss of Che’s, picture furthermore contains auxiliary beginnings, for example, Che’s life and verifiable setting of the addresss. The book was distributed in 2000 in USA from the University of Wisconsin Madison. The essayist is convincing in light of the fact that he is Che who had experienced the Cuban Revolution and had accepted segment as a pioneer and needs to advise the individuals regarding Cuba for the troublesome occasions they went so as to undermine Batista. The starting is important on the grounds that the author took parcel in the realities that he is talking about what's more it contains essential beginnings in which we can see and read the impact and the sentiments. The start is limiting in light of the fact that the addresss have been given in a Spanish phonetic correspondence and the book is written in English and during the interlingual interpretations a noteworthiness or a couple of sentiments may hold been lost. The goal of this start is intended for the masses to peruse the addresss that Che gave about Cuban upheaval and the fights they won O so as to sabotage the absolutism. Other than the book contains history setting about the fights and Che’s part to them The aim is useful in light of the fact that Che was looking to advise juvenile individuals about the difficulties regarding undermining the tyrant. The purpose is confining on the grounds that there might be a few equivocations as Che was trying to follow up on them to socialism and socialist pioneers used to lie. Be that as it may, it is significant in light of the fact that it is checked by a college. This start helped me see progressively about my exploration request furthermore helped me to get contemplations of how to answer it. Reference of 2neodymiumBeginning:Cuba: Castro ‘s Brain †Time This start is an optional starting magazine composed by HP-Time.com and it was distributed by Time magazine in August 8, 1960 in the USA. This is a convincing start since it is begun from Time magazine 1 # most read magazine known to mankind which is trying to advise individuals regarding all

Edwige Danticats novel Breath, Eye and memory - significance in Essay

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Mary’s Maids Cleaning Services

Running Head: MARY’S MAIDS Mary’s Maids Cleaning Services Prepared for Vicki Long Keller Submitted by Shunta Dorrough On March 21, 2010 Table of Contents Executive Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Mission Objectives Product/Services Description Situation Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Target Market †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Competitor and Substitutes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 Pricing †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Channels of Distribution †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Promotion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Promotion Budget †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Official Summary Mary Maids Cleaning Services (MMCS) is a private house keeping administration serving high society families in Plano, TX. Through liberal human capital ventures, MMCS will surpass our client's desires. We will support the well off single-salary family units and princely two-pay families. These focused on families will pay a premium for our administration due to the significant level of polished methodology and dependability that we offer, not reproduced by any of our opposition. MMCS anticipated development rate isâ very high every year with respectableâ profit edges as a level of deals. MHCS will be a locally situated business. Before the finish of year one, MHCS will have five extra workers. There are numerous alternatives for house keeper administrations, yet there is one in particular that stands apart as the best Mary Maids that seems to be. Mary Maids Cleaning Service's crucial to give the client all private cleaning administrations in an ecologically solid, totally reliable, and proficient way. We exist to pull in and look after clients. At the point when we hold fast to this adage, everything else will become all-good. Our administrations will surpass the desires for our clients. Mary Maids Cleaning Service's targets for the initial four years of activity include: †¢ To make a help based organization whose #1 objective is surpassing client's desires. †¢ To build our number of customers served by 20% every year through unrivaled help. †¢ To build up an economical locally situated business, living off its own income. †¢ The use of Mary Maids Cleaning Service all the time by at any rate 30% of theâ leads that get in touch with us for more data. Item/Services Description Situation Analysis MMCS will offer a wide scope of administrations to the private customer, from general room cleaning to youngster/pet fiascos which can go connected at the hip. We will be pursuing the upper finish of the market, regularly the well-off whose companion doesn't make some full-memories work yet decides to do different things with his/her time, orâ the two pay family who decides not to clean the home themselves. The business will be based out of the CEO Mary Blanktrip’s home office. Between the long periods of 6AM-8AM Mary will work onâ scheduling, gauges, stock, requesting, and client care the executives. The home office will incorporate a PC, land telephone line, and a fax machine. From 9AM-5PM Mary will clean homes until extra staff is recruited. Mary Maids Cleaning Service's beginning up costs incorporate gear required for a locally situated business (Exhibit 1),â initial legitimate charges, advertising expenses, cleaning hardware and supplies, regalia, and finishes paperwork for worker vehicles. Worker cost is a business vacuum cleaner and arranged brushes, mops, and synthetics (biodegradable). SWOT Strengths CEO of Mary Maids Cleaning Services was a housewife for a long time †¢ Mary comprehends the stuff to adjust home, kids, and work †¢ Mary will accomplish this elevated level of administration through broad preparing and a constant learning process Weakness †¢ Major rivalry Molly Maids †¢ New organization to the zone †¢ First t ime entrepreneur Opportunity †¢ MMCS will qualify leads via telephone with gauges †¢ MMCS will mastermind aâ in house gatherings to give gauges †¢ The business procedure will start through the capability of leads created from our showcasing effort Threats Balancing the entire business (incorporates office paper work and cleaning administrations) †¢ Getting clients to believe new entrepreneur Target Market Mary Maids Cleaning Service will give a private house keeping administration for the upper finish of the market. We will have two objective clients: 1. The wealthy that doesn't work, yet isn't slanted to do housework. To numerous a servant/housekeeper is an image of riches, and this thought represents this gathering of clients. 2. The two-salary families whose open door costs are too extraordinary to even consider spending time cleaning the house. MMCS offers house keeping to these focused on clients. House keeping ranges from tidying up of standard rooms, for example, kitchen, washrooms, rooms, just as progressively irregular occupations like little calamities from kids and pets. The first is the well-to-do where just a single companion works. In spite of the fact that the other companion is at home and has the opportunity to clean, he/she picks not very. This life partner would prefer to chip in for an open intrigue association, play tennis and golf, or simply invest energy howâ he/she decides to. They want to clean the house day in an out. To them that isn't agreeable and they have the cash to pay somebody to do that sort of work. This market has yearly earnings over $200,000 and lives in costly homes. As indicated by Money Magazines Plano has 150, 100 that fall into this classification, this gathering dependably utilizes cleaning administrations. The second fragment of the market that we are focusing on is the two pay family. In the course of the most recent few decades, the quantity of two-pay family units has expanded. This is to a point where in parts of the nation they surpass one salary families. Our objective client is two pay families whose consolidated yearly salary is over $125,000. These families don't generally have the opportunity to clean, can bear the cost of a cleaning administration, and decide to enlist a help on the grounds that the open door costs are too high to even consider wasting timeâ cleaning their home. These family units are ordinarily age 32-55 and live in houses esteemed over $250,000. As indicated by Money Magazines Plano have 100,000 families that fall into this segment. It is this fragment which has huge potential for us. About 80% of double pay families utilize an outside cleaning administration for a portion of their house keeping as indicated by the U. S. Division of Commerce. Furthermore, there are some potential clients that MMCS has named asâ assorted â€Å"well-off† family units. These are families that have the cash for our administrations that don't fit conveniently into the two past classes. Contender Molly Maids have been in administration for a long time and offer administrations in various states. They offer tidying up administrations in all rooms of the home and utilize an organization vehicle. Molly’s is significant cooptation that permits potential clients to see their administrations on the web. They have earned their trust with their customers by being in the business so long by offer extraordinary administrations. They use at any rate two2 individuals to clean the home to regulate crafted by one another (Molly Maid. com). In spite of the fact that there are bunches of rivals in the cleaning administration space, there is valid justification for this opposition, and request is high. Cleaning administration clients need quality, and not every person in the cleaning administration space offers quality. How regularly when you approach one of your companions for a referral do they disclose to you they have been utilizing a lot of various organizations and they still can't seem to discover one that they are really content with. The private house keeping market is overhauled predominately by autonomous organizations. There are be that as it may, a couple of huge establishments. Private administrations are isolated into a few distinct classifications, servant or housekeepers, cover cleaners, window cleaners, and an assortment of different administrations that are required on a less regular premise. We charge a premium for our administrations, and individuals are happy to pay to get our top notch level of polished skill, reliability, and tender loving care. We give the most wonderful experience conceivable. Value |Exhibit 1 | |Start up Requirements | |Start-up Expenses 300. 00 | |Legal 50. 00 | |Stationery and so forth 200. 0 | |Brochures $200 | |Insurance $500 | |Uniforms $100 | |Cleaning Equipment $800 | |Office Furniture $100 | |Communication Equipment $100 | |Computer Equipment $1,500 | |Magnetic Car Signs $75 | |Cleaning Supplies $200 | |Other $0 | |Total Start-up Expenses $3,925 | References

Management and Organization Research Assignment Paper - 825 Words

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Kilmann, this is the time where members of the organization don't think of anyone else but only t hem winning and may even not corporate with the others just to win.For instance, I tested my influencing skills during a work engagement with Chinese colleagues. The main issue was to analyze the purpose of our presentation and how each of us should contribute to the overall project. It was indeed a simple matter; however, it took us a couple of hours deciding on what was the best thing to do. As a member, I managed to influence and convince my colleague on the best analysis method and who was in the best position to carry out the presentation. At the end of the day, the whole team seconded my proposal and later emerged with as winners in our presentation. Therefore, influencing skill is an integral part of decision making and solution solving.Conflicting interestsConflict of interest is a situation that arises when an individual or company is involved with multiple opinions regarding a critical issue. Conflict of interest may arise due to several different factors such as culture and belief. Conflicts of interest are termed to be ubiquitous. Conflicts of interest are not necessarily a pushback. It is rather a description of a set of circumstances that takes various forms and can be manifested in several settings. The conflicts are normally based on situations, which there is reliance on the judgment of an external party with precise professional expertise. Individually, I encountered a moment of interest difference when I was an IBMS student. The conflict of interest was specifically as a result of cultural differences.My group members engaged in a conflict regarding leadership position. The members were conflicting about the person suit to represent the entire group as a leader. Additionally, the group focused on an individual with fair and acceptable cultural practice. As a result, every participating member was forced to contribute by offering the suggestion on the choice of interest. Unfortunately, this action resulted in a great conflict of interest, w hich forced the group to involve an outside party to resolve the issue . Nonetheless, Thomas Kilman's conflict Mode Instrument is the effective and appropriate tool that provides various means of handling conflicts. The tool enables individuals to understand how diverse-conflict handling methods impact interpersonal as well as group dynamics. The tools assist an individual in choosing the right way to solve the conflict. It analyses the conflict through assertiveness and cooperativeness. Therefore, Thomas's conflict Mode instrument is the best way o solving conflicts arising in any group.Negotiation skillNegotiation situations result when a group of individuals or parties disagree concerning an important issue. Negotiation skill is therefore required to bring together the differing parties by hammering out a solution that is acceptable and fair to all the involved individuals. This was clear during one time when we were negotiating on what method to use in researching for our group assignments and different members of the group gave different ideas depending on what they felt was the goal they want to achieve in the project .according to Harvard circle, there is no business skill is important compared to negotiation. Therefore, it is of great necessity to practice best negotiation skills to accomplish the set goals and objectives. Additionally, Mastenbroek test greatly assists an individual on what to do in case of conflict or confusion. It plays a significant role in helping people make appropriate and suitable decision regarding an issue.The style I embraced to solve this issue was to accommodate all their views and negotiate one method that will help all achieve an end goal that was to submit an excellently researched project. The influence of this style was that at the end of the day we chose of the most effective research methods that were okay with all the members of the group and ended up with a good project. In a case of future conflict or disagreement , I would use both collaborating and compromise conflict-handling methods to influence and negotiate on the issue.APPENDIXThomas Killman test resultsScore on accommodating:2Low score.Score on avoiding: 9High score.Score on seeking to compromise: 8Average score.Score on collaborating: 7Average score.Score on competing: 4Average score.Five methods of handling conflict10 Influencing skills Self-Analysis questionnaireScores Ranking 1 GC 4-3-4= 11x3= 33 2 2 P 3-3-3= 9x3= 27 3 3 TP 4-4-3= 11x3=33 2 4 R 4-4-4= 12x3=36 1 5 LS 3-3-2= 8x3=24 4 6 I 3-1-4= 8x3=24 4 7 GR 3-4-4= 11x3=33 2 8 O 4-3-2= 9x3=27 3 9 C 3-2-3= 8x3=24 4 10 T 3-3-3= 9x3=27 3GC= giving compliments R=ReasoningP= ProfilingLS= Listening, summarising and asking follow-up questionsTP= Taking a positionI= Involving the other personGR= Giving recognition to the other personO= Outlining an attractive future perspectiveC= Connecting with the other persons valuesT= Taking the first step1,2 and 3 Forceful kind of behaviour4 Reasoning and argumentation5,6 and 7 room for aspects to do with the relationship besides the task orientation8,9,10 Focus on inspiring othersBELBIN TESTSECTION (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) 1 1 2 6 1 2 5 5 3 4 1 5 4 5 5 5 4 1 2 3 6 6 2 2 7 2 1 2 4 1 SECTION CW

African-American Crime Cause and Effect Essay - 1729 Words

African American Crime: Cause and Effect Works Cited Not Included During the 1900s to the 1930s hundreds of thousands of Blacks moved from the South to the North, a period noted as the urban transformation. Many wanted to escape the atrocities of the South where they were haunted by slavery and hunted by angry ex-slaveholders. Their expectations of the North were unreal and often too hopeful. They had hoped for jobs in the cities but were greeted by overcrowded slums and angry immigrants. Black people immediately fell victim to race riots. White people joined together in their hatred of blacks. They did not want to lose their jobs to savages. Immigrants already had low paying jobs and black people would take even lower†¦show more content†¦After emancipation not much had changed. The heartless exploitation of their cheap labor kept them in a near slave state with no guarantee for the safety of their families. Blacks, if they could, had moved out of the South in search of jobs. Newspapers urged blacks to flee from the South. The Chicago Defender urged that anywhere was better than the South. Blacks moved in large numbers to the North not expecting the harsh environment. Blacks were greeted with mob violence just as they had encountered in the South however this time they would fight back. Blacks would no longer tolerate atrocities as they had so often in the South. (James W. Clark The Lineaments of Wrath 203) The riots could last for days as both parties were now fighting. Black people had been through so much and they wanted to stop being afraid. However the violent reactions they had were unleashed on everyone including each other. Even Fredrick Douglass noted that Everybody in the South wants the privilege of whipping someone else (Lineaments of Wrath 210) Whipping was a demonstration of punishment during slavery. Since there was no law control for black on black crime they took the liberty to punish each other and felt free to express anger and frustration on other blacks. Black people had a lo t of built up and repressed anger after slavery and it came out in the form of violence in the North. Black on black homicide rates were over two times higher than whites. (LineamentsShow MoreRelatedRacial Disparities Of Mass Incarceration1572 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation rapidly increased, so did the growth of the three major contributors to that population – African Americans, Hispanics, and whites – with African American and Hispanic incarcerations contributing more so than whites to the racial inequality in the prisons and jails. 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Most of these crimes were committed by white males. In A Gathering of Old Men, Sheriff Mapes, the white sheriff, although he represents justice and the law, enacts a kind of â€Å"hate crime† by misjudging the murder he knows the murderer is African American, simply because of his racial status. Gaines depicts thisRead MoreEssay about Black on Black Crime928 Words   |  4 PagesBlack on black violence is an enormous problem in the African-American community. Living in a neighborhood that is mostly minority, many may have witnessed a lot of black on black violence. The black on black violence has continued to arise in many communities and continues to be a problem around the world. Black on black violence is ignorant, and many black Americans should be coming together instead of killing one another. 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This brutal treatment caused individuals of minority groups to distrust and fear the police. Minorities are viewed to be from poor crime ridden neighborhoods and therefore considered to be of the criminal type due to the high rate of crime in poor, minority

Revenue Allocation Formulae - 1815 Words

Revenue allocation formulae: The current revenue allocation formulae is 52.68%, 26.72% and 20.60%.for the F.G, States and L.Gs respectively | FEDERAL GOVT. | STATE GOVT. | LOCAL GOVT. | | | | | |52.68% |26.72% |20.60%. | THE CRITICS The current revenue allocation, as defined in Section 162 (2) of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999, discriminates against the†¦show more content†¦For D/X = 0 (no derivation fund), and D/X = 1 (all available funds are by derivation), then the overall percentages are: Ratios: D/X = 0 50:25:25 36:28:36 D/X = 1 43.5:28.25:28:25 31.32:37.36:31.32 Swing: 6.5 – 3.25 – 3.25 4.68 – 9.36 – 4.68 It is as simple as that, and would be a good political compromise, and will not lead to too much shock in the system as D/X moves up or down, in which case Choice (i) is better than (ii) and (iii) are better. The claim here is that the recent full pronouncement of Nigeria’s Supreme Court on littoral states’ (non) resource control DEMANDS that our country Nigeria NOW simplify its revenue allocation formula in order to establish accountability and transparency, and yet satisfy the Constitution. Thus I am recommending we do indeed â€Å"Keep It Simple†¦.!† My preferred recommendation here? After dividing 13% of the derivation fund equally among state and local governments, let Federal Government have 40% and the State + Local have 60% of the remainder. Then, in a spirit of true federalism and devolution of power, let the Constitution merely specify that no tier get lower than 20% . Each state then determines its own ratio between State and Local Government (to add up to 60%) basedShow MoreRelatedRevenue Allocation Formula in Nigeria2406 Words   |  10 PagesREVENUE ALLOCATION FORMULA IN NIGERIA INTRODUCTION Prior to the discovery of oil in Nigeria, other sectors of the economy thrived. 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The allocation can be improved upon to cater for all demands while implementing management policies toRead MoreCh10 Beechy3e case 3 solution Essay17682 Words   |  71 Pages 10-39 CCA calculations (Appendix 1) 25 10-40 Asset revaluation (Appendix 2) 20 *W The solution to this assignment is on the text Web site and in the Study Guide. This solution is marked WEB. Questions 1. Amortization is the periodic allocation of the cost of capital assets, tangible and intangible, over the economic life of the asset. Amortization is often called depletion if it is associated with natural resources, and depreciation if associated with tangible capital assets. 2. Amortization

Basic Argument for Fatalism free essay sample

The â€Å"Basic† Argument for Theological Fatalism Fatalism Fatalism is the view that everything that happens in entirely unavoidable. Since everything that happens is unavoidable, none of our actions are genuinely up to us and we powerless to do anything other than what we actually do. Here is Richard Taylor on what the fatalist believes [â€Å"Fate† from Metaphysics, 4th Ed (Pearson, 1991)]: â€Å"A fatalist is someone who believes that whatever happens is and always was unavoidable. He thinks it is not up to him what will happen a thousand years hence, next year, tomorrow, or the very next moment. † (52) â€Å"A fatalist thinks of the future in the way we all think of the past, for everyone is a fatalist as he looks back on things. † (52) We all think of the past â€Å"as something settled and fixed, to be taken for what it is. We are never in the least tempted to try to modify it. It is not in the least up to us what happened last year, yesterday, or even a moment ago, any more than are the motions of the heaves or the political developments in Tibet. We say of past things that they are no longer within our power. The fatalist says they never were. † (52-53) Theological Fatalism According to the main versions of Western Monotheism (e. g. traditional Christianity), God is omniscient. To be omniscient is to have (in some important sense) unlimited knowledge. It’s hard to say what this amounts to, but let’s use the following definition (since it’s common) x is omniscient = for x knows every true proposition and x does not believe any false propositions. Many people think that omniscience is incompatible with human freedom, because it implies the doctrine of theological fatalism. Theological fatalism is the view that all human actions are unavoidable (and we are powerless to do anything other than what we actually do) because God has exhaustive foreknowledge of all future human actions. Here is an important statement of the argument for theological fatalism from Augustine (On Free Choice of the Will, Book III) I very much wonder how God can have foreknowledge of everything in the future, and yet we do not sin by necessity. It would be an irreligious and completely insane attack on God’s foreknowledge to say that something could happen otherwise than as God foreknew †¦ Since God foreknew that [Adam] was going to sin, his sin necessarily had to happen. How, then, is the will free when such inescapable necessity is found in it? Surely this is the problem †¦ How is it that these two propositions are not contradictory and inconsistent: (1) God has foreknowledge of everything in the future; and (2) We sin by the will, not by necessity? For, you say, if God foreknows that someone is going to sin, then it is necessary that he sin. But if it is necessary, the will has no choice about whether to sin; there is an inescapable and fixed necessity. And so you fear that this argument forces us into one of two positions: either we draw the heretical conclusion that God does not foreknow everything in the future; or, if we cannot accept this conclusion, we must admit that sin happens by necessity and not by will. The Basic Argument for Theological Fatalism Where S stands for any person whatsoever and A stands for any action, Augustine’s argument can be stated as: 1. For any person, S, and an action, A, that S performs, God knew in advance that S will do A. 2. If God knows in advance that S will do A, then it necessary that S will do A. 3. Therefore, it is necessary that S will do A. 4. If it is necessary that S will do A, then S is not free to refrain from performing A. 5. If S is not free to refrain from performing A, then S does not freely perform A. 6. Therefore, no person ever acts freely. Evaluating the argument Premise 2 is ambiguous †¢P2a: Necessarily, If God knows in advance that S will perform A, then S will perform A (De Dicto) †¢P2b: If God knows in advance that S will perform A, then necessarily S will perform A (De Re) P2a is true but the resulting argument is invalid P2a is true. It says that the proposition â€Å"if God knows in advance that S will perform A, then S will perform A† is necessarily true and this just means that it is impossible for God to know in advance that, for example, I will raise my arm at some time and I fail to raise my arm at that time. We can put this by saying that God’s knowing in advance that I will raise my arm at some time logically entails that I will raise my arm at that time. P2a is a way of expressing this truth. The resulting argument is invalid. Using P2a as the key premise, the argument is: 1. Necessarily, if God knows in advance that S will perform A, then S will perform A. 2. God knows in advance that S will perform A. 3. Therefore, necessarily, S will perform A. But this argument is invalid (the conclusion doesn’t follow from the premises). We can show this by means of a counterexample (an argument of the same form with true premises and a false conclusion). The form of this argument is: 1. Necessarily, If p, then p. 2. P 3. Therefore, necessarily q. To see that the argument is invalid, use the following substitutions: p = K. Sharpe weighs over 200lbs, q = K. Sharpe weighs over 199lbs. . Necessarily, If K. Sharpe weighs over 200lbs, then K. Sharpe weighs over 199lbs. 2. K. Sharpe weighs over 200lbs 3. Therefore, necessarily K. Sharpe weighs over 199lbs. The premises of this argument are true but the conclusion is obviously false (I could go on a diet and successfully lose some weight). I weigh over 199lbs but not essentially. I could weigh less than 199lbs and, i n fact, I did weigh less than 199lbs at one point. All that follows from the first two premises is that, in fact, I in fact weight more than 199lbs. It doesn’t follow that it is impossible for me to weigh less than 199lbs. Just in case you are not convinced, here is a second counterexample (Plantinga’s) 1. Necessarily, if I know that George Clooney is a bachelor, then George Clooney is a bachelor. 2. I know that George Clooney is a bachelor. 3. Therefore, it is necessarily true that George Clooney is a bachelor Again, the premises are true but the conclusion is false. George Clooney is a bachelor but he is not essentially a bachelor. He could get married, he just chooses not to. All that follows from the first two premises is that George Clooney is in fact a bachelor (not that he is essentially a bachelor). P2b renders the argument valid but it is obviously false 1. If God knows in advance that S will perform A, then necessarily S will perform A. 2. God knows in advance that S will perform A. 3. Therefore, necessarily S will perform A. This argument is valid (it’s just modus ponens) and so if the premises were true then conclusion would be true as well. But P2b is false. Given the de re reading of P2b, it says that whatever propositions God knows are necessarily true or, to put the point in terms of properties, if God knows that some object has a property then the object has that property essentially. Taken in this way, P2b is obviously false (nor does it follow from omniscience). Since the basic argument has to rely on either P2a or P2b, the argument is either invalid or relies on a false premise. Either way it’s unsound. Here is a way of thinking about this criticism of the argument. From the fact that God knows that Paul will mow his yard on July 7, 2015 it follows that, on July 7 2015, Paul mows his yard and that he does not refrain from mowing his yard on that day. But, it does not follow that it is metaphysically impossible for Paul to refrain from mowing his yard that day (that Paul does not refrain from mowing and it is impossible that Paul refrain from mowing are two very different things). All that follows from the fact that God knows in advance that Paul will mow is that Paul will not exercise his power to refrain not that he lacks the power the power to refrain. The basic argument for theological fatalism needs the later inference, but that inference is not a good one. Thus, the basic argument fails.

The management systems related to internal and external environment

Attitudes towards employees: Employee benefit Wages, Salaries, Annual Leave and Sick Leave The organization maintains these expenses on an prepayment basis. They are therefore accounted for after they fall due. This therefore implies that they are partially reflected in the books of accounts of the period concerned. In effect the report reflects the payments due for services up to the final day of the reporting period.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The management systems related to internal and external environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Employee Share Plans, Long Service Leave, Long Service Leave The net value of the amount due and payable to all the employees is reflected as an expense to the employees corresponding to an increase in the organizations equity. The amount due is measured and evaluated for the period within which it is unconditionally payable. With the exceptions of un-qualifying shar es the amount is recognized in whole of the total entitlements. Defined Contribution Superannuation Plans, Defined Benefit Superannuation Plans and Employee Termination Benefit The organization adopts an individualistic strategy   that makes single and individual computations for   each plan. The present value of future benefits its therefore calculated by discounting the future benefits at a discounting rate that is a balance on the maturity dates of   government bonds. This incorporates the projected unit credit method by a certified auctorial. if   benefits that accrue to every employee increase the amount is distributed on a straight line basis implying that the employee will receive an amount of the increase immediately it falls due. This increase is also reflected in the company’s consolidated income statement of the reporting period. The past service costs on the other hand are measured as the growth in the present value of the permanent or fixed benefits that the employee is entitled to in previous and current periods. Attitudes towards Customers: Aircraft configuration meeting customer demand Like any other business the company has over the past few years faced a great increase in the number of customer as well as consumer needs. The company has therefore made a structural adjustment by increasing the number of aircraft to take care of the addition al capacity. Growing consumer demands have also forced the company to adjust the seating arrangements to improve the customer service experience. This also ensures that the customer service level meets international standards. Qantas provide their customer to combine points from flying, credit and debit card spend and retail spend into single account The technological trend in the airline industry has favored the use of plastic money. Amidst the pertinent and obvious structural concerns, the credit card system has ensured convenience security and flexibility in transactions specifically in th e transport sector. Passengers get to earn points as a form of motivation and marketing for every flight they take. The points can either be based on the mileage traveled or the amount spent. The points my be used to upgrade a ticket or purchase products at the convenience of the customer.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Qantas services their customer by another brand of aircraft which is called Jetstart’s The diversity of the consumers goes requires the company to make provision for all levels of income earners. The company has taken advantage of the low income segment by partnering with a smaller airline that offers alternative cheaper but equally quality service. This falls in line with the price segmentation strategy in consumer marketing Caring for customer Customer care s a fundamental and important aspect of a business. It offers a basis and rationale for the formulation of the companies strategies and policies. The company has made an initiative to ensure that their customers are satisfied and assisted in every possible means. It has engaged consumer service surveys to measure the performance and effectiveness of their customer care. This has generated alternative consumer satisfaction strategies that will allow the company to grow and offer better service ( Qantas annual report, 2010). Attitudes towards competitors: Higher performance in every thing The transport sector has over the last two decades grown to become among the most competitive volatile and revolutionary sector in the world economy. The situation is even more aggressive in the private sector with every company seeking a piece of the large consumer base. The company therefore has a competitive and visionary attitude towards its competition. It has installed strategic mechanisms that constantly review the companies performance ratings as against its competitors to ensure th at it remains in front or at least on the front line. Safety It is every customers requirement that their means of transport be safe and reliable. The government as well as industrial requirements for safety are clear and strict. The airline has therefore given paramount importance to its safety precautions and guaranteed its customers an ultimately safe experience. It has invested in health safety programs such as health surveillance monitors that ensure that the customers along with the employees operate in a safe environment. Training and development The airlines employee base attracts a variety of professional limits that allows the labor force to benefit from a wide range of skills. Majority of these employees are based locally and are therefore easily accessible to the company. Updating market needs A pertinent characteristic of the contemporary consumer market is the changing preferences and tastes. It is therefore important for every company to constantly redefine and re- ev aluate its consumer needs data to ensure that it keeps abreast with the recent trends. The airline has responded to the changing consumer needs by simplifying and easing the check in experience.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The management systems related to internal and external environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Strong complementary Brand In a market full of substitutes a company needs to diversify its portfolio to increase the chances of consumer following. The company has therefore partnered with an alternate smaller airline that allows it to access the low fare market. This makes sure that it maintains a presence in all areas and segments of the market Reference Qantas annual report. (2010) The Sum. Web. Web. This report on The management systems related to internal and external environment was written and submitted by user Amy Campos to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Black like me chapters essays

Black like me chapters essays John Howard Griffin (JHG) is a specialist for the hard life of Negroes in the south of the USA in the 1950s. His idea is to change the color of his skin for being able to experience the discrimination on his own. He visits George Levitan, one of his old friends and owner of the magazine SEPIA. After discussing the idea, Levitan pays for all the expenses for changing JHGs skin color and his trip through the south of the USA. He flies to Louisiana to meet doctors which can finally help him to find the fitting medicine to change the color of his skin from white to black. The therapy for changing his skin color has started, he takes special pills and as to sit under a sun lamp. The doctors tests were all positive and there will be no problems for JHG to change from white to black and back to white. The doctor likes the project. Unfortunately the treatment does not work as rapidly as expected. After everything is said between JHG and the doctor, the doctor sends him with the words Now you go into obliviton away. Now JHG is on his own in New Orleans and stays in different hotels where he continues his treatment. During he finished it, he only steps out at night. Then he can finally start his observations which succeed immediately: Everybody thinks that he is a Negro, he makes his first experiences with the segregation, like bathrooms only for white men. He meets many other Negroes and talks to them about the discrimination. JHG goes from his hotel to the ghetto, were he tries how it is to get along with the people living there. On his way he finds out that he must NEVER take a look at white women. In the ghetto he meets Sterling, who becomes his friend. His work is to shine shoes of white men. JHG works together with him and gets to know how the white people are behaving when their shoes are being shone by a boy: For them, the Negro is nothing but a thing. For lunch the eat together with Joe, an...

Please write a summary of I BELIVE IN THA HOLY SPIRIT vol. 3 pp Essay

Please write a summary of I BELIVE IN THA HOLY SPIRIT vol. 3 pp. 174-214 written by Yves Congar. I mean only this part fro - Essay Example Anselm decided that the Greeks and Latins were on the same page when it came time to discuss Trinitarian doctrines. Augustine stated that the Greeks believed in one essence and three substances while the Latin people believed in one essence or substance brings three persons. Augustine stated that the difference is only in the wording, however, Abelard believed that this difference was crucial in deciding how well the Greeks practiced their faith. Abelard stated that "hypostasis" was a dangerous word to Jerome. There had been a problem in the way that Greeks followed the doctrines on the Holy Spirit according to the non-Greek religious leaders. These non-Greek religious leaders felt it impossible that the Greeks were genuine when their vocabulary was inappropriate. They believed that the Greeks did not practice in the right way since the vocabulary they used tended to be so radically different, that it was impossible that they followed the right path. The non-Greek religious groups fe lt that this was only a vocabulary issue and that they did still believe in the Holy Spirit in the right way, however, it was too difficult to think that if there is a vocabulary error, there must also be a method in practicing faith error as well. During Anselm's time, it was believed that most of the doctrines were in agreement between the Latin people and the Greeks. Wording seemed to be the only problems encountered by Anselm's opinion of how the Greeks practiced. Thomas believed that the wording was incredibly different but the meanings were almost the same. The Greeks deny the procession of the Holy Spirit a Filio, however they concede it in its antecedent. This problem has lasted since the year 325 and it is now the fourteenth century. This dispute is quite strong still by the fourteenth century and no conclusions have yet been made about whether the Greeks and Latins can come to an agreement of how they practice their faith. Alexander Hales came up with his own opinion and h is comments about how the Latins and Greeks differ are as follows: Augustine (Latin leader at the time) considered the inner structure of the spirit and therefore maintained that it was from the mens that the cogitatio or word proceeded and the latter was followed by the spiration of the affectus. The Damascene (Greek leader at the time), on the other hand, considered the external word so that the point of departure was the intellect, followed by the word, which emerged as a word with a breath, which was connected in an immediate way to the intellect. The spirit, then, was Spiritus Verbi, non a Verbo. Alexander believed that these were the opposing views between the Latins and the Greeks of how the word and the Holy Spirit were related. Bonaventure was a commentator and he came up with an interesting perspective about this controversial debate. The first part is the fact that both the Greeks and the Latins agreed on the aspects of faith in divine revelation found in the scriptures. The second part is concerning the fact that the Greeks and Latins differ in their viewpoints on categories and terminology. The third and final aspect is that of the teaching in a formula which led to the controversy in the first place. He actually figured out where the similarities and differences were and wrote them out to help clear this debate once and for all. The items they both agreed on are as follows: the scriptural basis of the procession and the spirit belongs to the son and is sent by the son. The Latins

Organizational Structure in Coca-Cola Company Assignment

Organizational Structure in Coca-Cola Company - Assignment Example The range of resources here includes human, information, physical and financial. This paper will explore the organizational structure through a case study of Coca-Cola Company as well as endeavor to determine the extent to which the organizational structure is supportive or unsupportive of the company’s goals and suggest possible recommendations for improvement if any. The Coca-Cola Company is the largest beverage company in the world and the leading producer and maker of soft drinks. It is surely a global brand known by anyone because of its popularity through publicity and marketing. The firm in the beverages industry1 whose business idea was first conceived in downtown Atlanta on May 8, 1886, when only one product called the ‘Coca-Cola’, a mix of Coca-Cola syrup and carbonated water, existed. The price of one glass of coke back then was five cents a glass and only 9 drinks were sold per day. Today, the company is more than 126 years old with a client base around the world in more than 200 countries from just one city in one country back then. The company currently estimates the average drink sales per day at about 1.8 billion with more than 500 brands by 2011, four2 of which are the world’s top-five sparkling brands. Coca-Cola has a global presence and became a billion-dollar brand in 2010. It has sponsored world’s sporting events such as the FIFA world cup for more than 80 years. The company has undertaken many social responsibility initiatives including the Haiti Hope Project in 2010, which aimed at developing a sustainable mango industry in Haiti. The company attributes its business success to five main factors which are unique and recognized brand3, quality, marketing, global availability and ongoing innovation.

Checkout and Settlement Essay Example for Free

Checkout and Settlement Essay Check out and settlement are part of the final stages of the guest cycle. It is the final phase of the guest cycle and examines the various activities involved in checkout and settlement. Check out involves the front desk as also other departments such as housekeeping, bell desk, cashier’s desk, Point of sales etc. Main areas for a checkout are the belldesk and the cashier. The FO performs at least 3 important functions during the checkout and settlement process. †¢ It resolves outstanding guest account balances. †¢ It updates room status information †¢ It creates guest history records. Guest account settlement depends on effective FO accounting system that maintains accurate guest folios, verifies and authorizes a method of settlement and resolves discrepancies in account balances. Hotels find it most effective to settle a guest account while the guest is still in the hotel. Guest can settle the bill by paying cash, charging the balance to a credit card, deferring payment to an approved direct billing entity or using a combination of payment methods. Most hotels require a guest to specify during registration an eventual method of settlement. FO should verify or confirm guest credit card or direct billing information before he/she arrives at the desk for check out. Pre settlement verification activities ensure that the hotel will be paid for accommodation and services. DEPARTURE ACTIVITIES AT VARIOUS DESKS: 1) At the Bell Desk: During checkout a luggage outpass has to be obtained from the cashier stating that the guest has settled his account and returned the room key. Once this is received a departure errand card is made and filled out by the bell boy and will got to the guest room to bring down the luggage. The bell captain will also make an entry regarding this in the bell captain’s control sheet. On reaching the guest room the bell boy will announce himself, knock on the door enter the room on gaining permission. The bellboy will also ensure the following: 1. Collect room keys from the guest 2. Check the room for any possible damage to the property. 3. Draws the curtains, locks the balcony. 4. Checks bathroom and fittings. 5. The guest is escorted by him to the front desk 6. He puts a â€Å"room to be cleaned tag† card on the door after switching of the lights and air conditioner. The departure room is then inspected by a housekeeping supervisor/ Room attendant to ensure that nothing is left behind by the guest. The housekeeping/ In room dining department will also check the minibar for anything consumed by the guest to be charged to the bill. At the lobby the bell boy will: Keep the guest’s luggage at the bell desk Put hotel stickers and mark the luggage with â€Å"D† indicating departure luggage. Collect the luggage out clearance slip from the reception and loads the luggage in the car/taxi. Return the errand card to the bell captain which will then be entered onto the bell captain’s control sheet. 2) At the Reception desk: The Front desk receptionist checks the list of expected checkouts for the day and will confirm with the guest his date and time of checkout. Departure notification slips are printed to inform the other departments of the guest’s checkout. In a manual system the room racks are updated. The departure register is also updated. Checking for the mail messages and faxes. Checking for safe deposit box or in room safe keys. 3) At the cashier’s desk: 1. Verifying account information. 2. Posting any remaining charges to the guest’s folio. 3. Presenting the guest folio. 4. Verifying the method of payment. 5. Processing the account payment. 6. Securing the room key. 7. Updating the room status. The procedures used will vary among Front Offices depending upon hotels level of service and degree of automation. Some Front Offices offer automated or express check out. Traditionally at check out guest is presented a final copy of his/her account folio for review and settlement. FOA should confirm how the guest intends to settle the account. Guest may establish credit by presenting a credit card but may choose to settle his bill by cash or travelers cheques. VIP or special guests or corporate accounts should not be asked for settlement if their account is marked that all charges are to be Direct Billed. FOA should bring the guest account balance to zero, called zeroing out. When guest pays by cash or credit card, hotels assume that the payment is full and close the folio. If the account is to be paid through Direct Billing by the hotel, however the account is not brought to a zero balance because it must be transferred to the city ledger and billed through the account receivable system. METHODS OF SETTLEMENT A guest account can be brought to a zero balance in several ways. Methods of settlement include cash payment, credit card or Direct Billing transfer or combined settlement method. I. CASH PAYMENT IN FULL Cash payment in full at check out will bring a guest account balance to zero. A cash receipt has to be issued to the guest by the cashier. The cashier should mark the folio paid. If the guest has produced a credit card at check in, the cashier should destroy the guest credit card voucher imprinted at registration when the guest pays the account in full with cash. Guests paying in foreign currency should convert their money to local currency (some international currencies like $ are accepted). Hotels often charge a fee to convert currencies as banks charge the fee from the hotels. Currency conversion rates are displayed at the Cashiers counter or it can also be taken from business sections of newspapers. Guests can also use traveler’s cheques to settle their bills. Traveler’s cheques are issued by banks and avoid the risk of carrying cash. At the time of settlement the cashier should confirm the identity of the guest from the safety and security point of view. Also there is no danger of them being stolen as they can be encashed only when the signature of the holder tallies with the signature signed at the time of issue. A foreign traveler’s cheque should be treated as foreign currency and the necessary records, statements and certificates must be maintained like in the case of foreign currency and should be sent to the Reserve Bank of India. Difference between an ordinary cheque and a traveler’s cheque |Ordinary cheque |Travelers cheque | |For issuing a person should have a bank account (either |No need of any bank account for purchasing and encashing of | |current or saving). |traveler’s cheque. | |Any amount can be filled in the cheque as they are blank. |Have a fixed amount printed on its face and available in different | | |denominations. | |Only one signature is needed of the holder. |Two signatures are required (one in the presence of the issuing | | |authority and second in the presence of encashing authority). | |Ordinary cheques are valid only for 3-6 months. |Valid for indefinite period of time unless dated. | |These cheques can be crossed for account payee. |No such provision. | |No slip/list of lost, damaged or stolen cheques is issued by |Many banks issue a stop list for stolen and damaged cheques. | |the bank. | | |Cheque may bounce as the balance in the account may be less |No such possibility as the amount is already printed on the face of | |than the cheque |the cheque. | |Not safe as someone might force the owner to sign the cheque. |Quite safe because the second signature have to be put in front of | | |the encashing authority. | Procedure for accepting foreign currency: †¢ Request guest passport and determine the credentials such as name and photo identification place of issue and date of expiry of the passport. †¢ Confirm that the guest is a resident of the hotel by asking his room no. If the guest is a non-resident the permission of the lobby manager is obtained who will extend this facility to VIP’s and regular guests. †¢ Receive the cash or traveler’s cheque in foreign currency. †¢ Calculate the total amount of ocal currency to be paid by multiplying the foreign currency by the exchange rate displayed. †¢ Fill in details of the foreign currency encashment certificate. †¢ Request the guest to sign the foreign currency encashment certificate and compare the signature with the passport. †¢ Request the guest to sign the traveler’s cheque if it is an instrument of exchange. †¢ Give the total amount of local currency with the encashment certificate to the guest †¢ Second copy of the certificate is attached to the notes or traveler’s cheques received †¢ Third copy remains in the encashment certificate book. †¢ Fill in details in the record of foreign currency transactions. †¢ Fill in details of the foreign currency transaction in the cashier’s report. II. CREDIT CARD TRANSFER Even though credit card transfer settlement brings a guest account to zero, the amount of the charge must be tracked until payment is actually received from the credit card Co. Credit card settlement creates a transfer of credit on the guest folio and moves an account balance from the guest ledger to a credit card account in the city ledger (non- guest ledger). (Procedure). Guest signature completes this transaction. In some hotels computer system sends the settlement transactions directly to the credit card Co. guest only signs on the voucher present at FO. There is no need to sign on imprinted voucher. When foreign guests pay by credit card, credit card Co. payment is in local currency. III. DIRECT BILLING TRANSFER Like credit card settlement, direct billing transfers a guest account balance from the guest ledger to the city ledger. Unlike credit card settlement responsibility for billing and collecting a direct billing lies with the hotel rather than an outside agency. Billing should be arranged and approved by hotel’s credit department. Guest signs the folio and accepts the responsibility to pay the bill should direct billing account not pay the bill. IV. COMBINED SETTLEMENT METHOD A guest may elect to use more than one settlement method to bring the folio balance to zero. E.g., guest may make partial cash payment and charge the reminder of the account balance to an acceptable credit card. FOA must accurately record the combined settlement methods and take care that all required paper work is properly completed. Once the guest has settled the account the FOA should provide the guest with a copy of the folio. Good evaluation and follow up should be there as it is the last chance to make an impression. LATE CHECK OUTS Guests do not always check out by the hotels posted check out time. To minimise late check outs, the front office should post check out time notices in conspicuous places such as back of the guest room door, FO, in departure material etc. some hotels charge late check out fee. Explain to the guest why the fee is charged (management policy, HK can prepare room for other guests arriving that day). CHECK OUT OPTIONS Advance in technology with special guest service to expedite departure activities. 1. Express check out Guests may encounter line at front desk when checking out during the peak hours (e.g., between 7.30 and 9.30 am). To ease front desk volume, some FO initiate check out activity before the guest is actually ready to leave. A common pre departure activity involves producing and distributing guest folios to guests expected to check out. FO, HK or Security staff can quietly slip the folio into the guestroom, while they go for their rounds. By completing such a form, guest authorises the front office to transfer his or her outstanding folio to the credit card voucher created during registration. Procedure for express check-out: The receptionist should inform the guest about the express check out facility in the hotel If the guest wishes to use this facility obtain his card during check in Take the impression of the card on a charge slip and on the express check out slip. The charge slip is signed by the guest. One copy of the express check out slip is given to the guest. Explain to the guest that he needs to wrap his room key in the copy and drop it in the express check out drop box located in the lobby at the time of his departure. Attach a copy of the charge slip and express check out sip to the registration card The lobby manager/duty manager files his copy of express check out slip as per the check out date. A day prior to the guests check out the copy of the guest bill is sent to the room with an ECO sticker attached An ECO rooms list should be printed every morning which is necessary for monitoring the entire system. The second copy of this list is given to the bell desk. This system is available only for credit card paying guests and is a facility given to those guests who avoid going physically to the cashier’s desk at the time of check out for considerable time saving. 2. Self check out In some hotels guests can check themselves out of the hotel by accessing self check out terminals in the lobby or in room system interfaced with front office computer intended to reduce check out time and front desk traffic. Some resemble automatic bank teller machines while others posses video and audio capability. Credit card has to be used (number or magnetic strip). Check out is complete when the guest’s balance is transferred to a credit card account and an itemised account statement is printed and dispersed to the guest. This system sends an updated room status to front office computer. In room folio review and check out usually relies on an in room television or guestroom telephone access via an in room TV. Guests can pick up a printed folio at the front desk on his way out. In room self check out automatically updates room status and creates Guest History records. Another advantage is guests can look at their folios at any time during their stay. UNPAID ACCOUNT BALANCES No matter how carefully the front office monitors guest’s stay there is always possibility that the guest will leave without settling his account. Guest may forget to check out or front office may discover late charges for a guest who has already checked out. After departure charges or outstanding balances represent unpaid account balances. LATE CHARGES may be a major concern in guest account settlement. Restaurant, telephone, room service charges etc are the examples of some potential late charges. Sometimes additional cost of postage, stationary, labor, etc is more than the late charge itself. It is important in maximising the profitability. FOLLOWING STEPS CAN BE TAKEN TO REDUCE LATE CHARGES: In automated and semi automated system front office can- †¢ Post transactional vouchers as soon as they arrive at the front desk. †¢ Survey front office equipment and voucher and folio racks for unposted charges. E.g., local telephone, in room movie charge meters may posses information not recorded in a voucher. †¢ Ask departing guests whether they have incurred any charge purchase or long distance calls that do not appear on the folio. Front may appoint runners to collect vouchers or get information on phone at peak hours. Front office computer system that interfaces with revenue center outlets is often the most effective means of reducing or even eliminating late charges. Room key deposits at reception counter help in reducing unpaid balances. ACCOUNT COLLECTION Late charges that are billed to departed guests should not be classified as un- collectible until the front office has exhausted all billing and collection procedures. A registration card should contain guest address, phone number etc. Procedures for collection of late charges will be different for cash and credit card depending on company policy for late charges. Guest account not settled at check out regardless of the credit established or prepayments processed during registration are transferred from the guest ledger to the city ledger, from front office to hotels accounting division. TYPICAL CITY LEDGER ACCOUNT INCLUDE: 1. Credit card billing- to authorised credit card billing. 2. Direct billing–to approved company and individual account. 3. Travel agency account- for authorised tours and groups. 4. Bad cheque account- resulting from departed guests whose personal cheques were returned unpaid. 5. Skipper account- guests who left the hotel without settling their account. 6. Disputed bills account- for guests who refuse to settle their account (in part or in full) because of a discrepancy. 7. Guaranteed reservation account- for billing and tracing no show guests. 8. Late charges account- for guests who checked out before some charges were posted to their account. 9. House accounts- for non-guest business and promotional activities. To be effective, the front office must establish a policy for billing departed guests with overdue account. Account receivable billing include determining: 1. When outstanding account balances are payable. 2. The number of days between billing. 3. How to control departed guests whose accounts are overdue. Collection schedules can range from aggressive (short cycle) to lenient (long cycle) depending on the hotels financial needs, clientele profile, history of collection patterns and so on. †¢ Firm in any encounters involving deferred payment. †¢ Documented procedure for collecting overdoes. †¢ Credit for tour group to be established well before they arrive. †¢ Uncollectible accounts to be sent back to the departments that originally accepted the uncollectible charge. FRONT OFFICE RECORDS Front office usually makes two copies of each guest account folio. 1 copy – guest receipt 2 copy – hotels permanent record Front office that uses three part folio, file the third copy with credit card voucher or direct billing statement in case the guest later needs a summary of charges. Registration cards are filed alphabetically whereas guest folios are filed numerically. GUEST HISTORIES Front office management can better understand its clientele and determine guest trends when it develops and maintains a guest history file. It contains personal and financial data of the guest hence it is confidential and proprietary. It is the last step in check out and account settlement. Many hotels build guest history cards from expired registration cards. It has information about the guest’s spouse, family etc. the information may help develop ads that appeal to the types of clientele the hotel is attempting to attract. Guest histories may also point out the need for new, supplementary or enhanced services. MARKETING FOLLOW THROUGH Hotels marketing department may rely in part on guest history files to develop new marketing strategies. Also, a property-marketing programme may depend on the front office performance and follow through at check out. E.g., marketing department creates a program to reward frequent guests with a free stay. Front office may be responsible for tracking the number of stays. Frequent travelers clubs are designed to encourage brand loyalty. Here airlines work as co marketers. GROUP DEPARTURE: At the Bell desk: Sufficient number of bell boys are arranged to handle luggage of the group. Baggage down time and wake up calls times are important and must be checked and followed strictly. Allocate floors and rooms to bell boys to bring down the luggage down to the lobby. If on the day of departure the guests are not in the room the bell boys go to each group member’s rooms and â€Å"pull† each group members baggage out of the room and bring it down to the lobby until the group is ready to leave. This process is called as â€Å"bag pull† Baggage is brought down to the lobby and counted. Bell captain obtains a baggage outpass. Room keys are handed to reception After clearance from the cashier and reception Finally the baggage is loaded onto the vehicle by the bellboys. At the reception: Departure notification sips are issued half an hour prior to actual departure by the receptionist to telephones, housekeeping, room service, and food and beverage etc. to avoid any late charges. At the cashier: Cashier prints out the master folio and individual folios {if any}. Makes a room wise summary for easy collection Master folio given to the tour leader and the individual bills are collected with the assistance of tour leader.

The Decisions to Bomb the Serbs :: essays research papers

THE DECISION TO BOMB THE SERBS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Decision to Bomb the Serbs was a very interesting case study. It was hard for me to choose a case study but after reading my top three choices I finally came to a conclusion. I never knew about this particular topic, but as I read I was impressed with it, which brought this question to my mind. Should the US have intervened to prevent or end violations of human rights in Kosovo, when these violations did not directly affect other American interests? This was one of the many questions that I and the American public asked themselves, their congressmen and ultimately, their government, during the chaos in the Middle East. It must have been a difficult task to decide whether or not to take action against Milosevic in Belgrade. In this case there are many underlying concepts that shape the way in which the events that led to the bombing of Kosovo played out. I will attempt, in this paper, to discuss the different themes that played a role in this case study. It was thought that the Kosovo crisis came at a time when the President of the United States was most distracted, and could easily have made the wrong decisions. Based on the severity of the situation in Kosovo, one would need to focus on the negotiations necessary to find peace. The Clinton Administration ¡Ã‚ ¦s primary focus was on the pending impeachment of their leader. The case against President Bill Clinton required his undivided attention, as it pertained to his promiscuous actions while in office. The lack of personal attention to this crisis as it developed, may have been the triggering factor that led to many deaths and violent acts of crime that took place in Kosovo. The decision to bomb was one that could not follow the rational method of decision making, even though the goals, alternatives and consequences were known. The US government knew what the primary goal was pertaining to Kosovo, they needed to negotiated or come to some form of middle ground with Milosevic, allowing for peace. They had alternatives to the negotiation process, which was to take military action. The consequence of taking these actions would be the repercussions of the bombings. Even with all this known, it would still be impossible to follow the rational decision-making model as defined by Charles Lindbolm. However, a more appropriate method would be the  ¡Ã‚ ¥Branch Method ¡Ã‚ ¦.

Fdi in retail in india

As India has liberalized its single brand retail industry to permit 100 percent foreign investment, we take a look at the regulatory issues and legal structures pertinent to establishing operations In this new dynamic market. That India should be well on the radar for foreign retailers was recently supported by A. T. Kearney, whose 2011 Global Retail Development Index ranks the nation as fourth globally. India's retail industry is estimated to be worth approximately USS411. 8 billion and is still growing, expected to reach USS804. 06 billion in 2015. As part of the economic liberalization process set in place by the Industrial Policy of 1 991 , the Indian government has opened the retail sector to FDI slowly through a series of steps: The Indian government removed the 51 percent cap on FDI into single-brand retail outlets in December 2011, and opened the market fully to foreign investors by permitting 100 percent foreign investment In this area.It has also made some, albeit limited, progress In allowing multi-brand retalllng, which has so far been prohibited In India. At present, this Is restricted to 49 percent foreign equity partlclpatlon. The specter of large supermarket brands displacing traditional Indian mom-and-pop stores is a hot political issue in India, and the progress and development of the newly liberalized single-brand retail industry will be watched with some keen eyes as concerns further possible liberalization in the multi-brand sector.In this article, we discuss the policy developments for FDI in these two retail categories, with a focus on the details of the multi-brand retail FDI discussion paper and related policy developments. FDI In â€Å"single-brand† retail While the precise meaning of single-brand retail has not been clearly defined In any Indian government circular or notification, single-brand retail generally refers to the selling of goods under a single brand name. Up to 100 percent FDI is permissible in single-brand retail, subject to the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) sanctions and conditions mentioned in Press Note 3[8].These conditions stipulate that: Only single-brand products are sold (i. e. sale of multi-brand goods is not allowed, even if produced by the same manufacturer) Products are sold under the same brand Internationally Single-brand products Include only those Identified during manufacturing Any dditional product categories to be sold under single-brand retail must first receive additional government approval FDI In slngle-orana retall Implles tnat a retall store wltn Torelgn Investment can only sell one brand.For example, if Adidas were to obtain permission to retail its flagship brand in India, those retail outlets could only sell products under the Adidas brand. For Adidas to sell products under the Reebok brand, which it owns, separate government permission is required and (if permission is granted) Reebok products must then be sold in separate retail outlets. FDI in †Å"multi-brand† retail While the government of India has also not clearly defined the term â€Å"multi-brand retail,† FDI in multi-brand retail generally refers to selling multiple brands under one roof.Currently, this sector is limited to a maximum of 49 percent foreign equity participation. In July 2010, the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP) and the Ministry of Commerce circulated a discussion paper on allowing FDI in multi-brand retail. The Committee of Secretaries, led by Cabinet Secretary Alit Seth, recommended opening the retail sector for FDI with a 51 percent cap on FDI, inimum investment of IJS$IOO million and a mandatory 50 percent capital reinvestment into backend operations.Notably, the paper does not put forward any upper limit on FDI in multi-brand retail. Immediately following the release of this discussion paper, the shares of a number of retail companies in India grew; domestic retail giant, Pantaloon Retail gained 7 percent on the sam e day, while Shoppers Stop, an Indian department store chain and emerging retailer, gained 2. 9 percent. The long-awaited scheme has been sent to the Cabinet for approval, but no decision has yet been made.There appears to be a broad consensus within the Committee of Secretaries that a 51 percent cap on FDI in multi-brand retail is acceptable. Meanwhile the Department of Consumer Affairs has supported the case for a 49 percent cap and the Small and Medium Enterprises Ministry has said the government should limit FDI in multi-brand retail to 18 percent. In terms of location, the proposed scheme allows investment in towns with populations of at least 10 lakh (1 million), while retailers with large space requirements may also be allowed to open shop within a 10 kilometer radius of such cities.Our view is that while we do expect further liberalization towards foreign investment in the multi-brand sector, this is highly unlikely to be gazetted until after the next elections, due to be co mpleted towards the end of 2012. Any additional liberalization of this market will therefore depend on the political make-up of the next government. Government â€Å"safety valves† on FDI There is concern about the competition presented to domestic competitors and the monopollzatlon 0T tne oomestlc market Dy large Internatlonal retall glan ts.Ine Inalan government feels that FDI in multi-brand retailing must be dealt with cautiously, iven the large potential scale and social impact. As such, the government is considering safety valves for calibrating FDI in the sector. For example: A stipulated percentage of FDI in the sector could be required to be spent on building back-end infrastructure, logistics or agro-processing units in order to ensure that the foreign investors make a genuine contribution to the development of infrastructure and logistics.At least 50 percent of the Jobs in the retail outlet could be reserved for rural youth and a certain amount of farm produce could be required to be procured from poor farmers. A minimum percentage of manufactured products could be required to be sourced from the SME sector in India. To ensure that the public distribution system and the Indian food security system, is not weakened, the government may reserve the right to procure a certain amount of food grains.To protect the interest of small retailers, an exclusive regulatory framework to ensure that the retailing giants do not resort to predatory pricing or acquire monopolistic tendencies. Benefits of FDI in multi-brand retail Soaring inflation is one of the driving motives behind this move towards multi-brand etail. Allowing international retailers such as Wal-Mart and Carrefour, which have already set up wholesale operations in the country, to set up multi-brand retails stores will assist in keeping food and commodity prices under control.Moreover, industry experts feel allowing FDI will cut waste, as big players will build backend infrastructure. FDI in m ulti-brand retail would also help narrow the current account deficit. Additional benefits include moving away from an industry focus on intermediaries and Job creation. Moving away from intermediary-only benefits There is broad agreement on the need to improve efficiencies in the household trade of consumer goods. Competent management practices and economies of scale, joined with the acceptance of global best practices and modern technology, could immensely recover systemic competence.Like their foreign counterparts, Indian customers are entitled to receive quality products, produced, processed and handled under a hygienic environment through professionally-managed outlets. Speculative apprehensions that small retailers will be adversely affected are not reason enough to deny millions of consumers access to roducts that meet global standards. Furthermore, todays intermediaries amid producers and customers add no value to tne products, aaalng nugely to Tlnal costs Instead.By tne time products Tilter tnrougn various intermediaries and into the marketplace, they lose freshness and quality, and often go to waste. However, intermediaries garner huge profits by distributing these losses between producers and customers by buying products at low prices from producers, but selling at extremely marked-up prices to consumers. In an unbalanced system that incorporates multiple intermediaries simply for logistics, nly intermediaries benefit.With organized retail, every intermediate step – procurement, processing, transport and delivery – adds value to the product. This happens because it uses international best practices and modern technology, ensuring maximum efficiency and minimum waste. Organized retail enables on-site processing, scientific handling and quick transport through cold storage chains to the final consumer. Once modern retailers introduce an organized model, other vendors, including small retailers, would mechanically copy this model to improv e efficiencies, boost margins and stay in business.Organized retail would thereby bring more stability to prices, unlike the present system where hoarding and artificial shortages by profiteering intermediaries push up product prices. Job creation Despite predictions from some analysts that millions of Jobs would be lost due to FDI in retail, it may in fact be the other way around. With the entry of branded retailers, the market will increase, creating additional employment in retail and other tertiary sectors. Given their professional approach, organized retailers will allot some quantity of resources towards the training and development of the resources they mploy.This effect of branded retailing can already be seen with the Bharti-Wal-Mart collaboration, which has Joined forces with state governments to open training and development centers in Amritsar, Delhi and Bangalore, preparing local youth for Jobs in retail. Training is entirely free and more than 5,600 local youth have al ready been trained. Retail Jobs don't require higher education or highly specialized abilities. No threat to kiranas (mom-and-pop stores) The Indian retail industry is generally divided into organized and unorganized retailing: Organized retailingOrganized retailing refers to trading activities undertaken by licensed retailers, those who have registered for sales tax, income tax, etc. These include corporate-backed hypermarkets and retail chains, and also privately-owned large retail businesses. Unorganized retailing Unorganized retailing refers to the traditional forms of low-cost retailing, for example, local Klrana snops, owner-operated general stores, paan/Dee01 snops, convenlence stores, hand cart and street vendors, etc.The question of whether or not organized and unorganized retailing can peacefully co-exist is a primary concern. While the Indian retail sector is still heavily weighted towards unorganized retailers, which occupy 97 percent of the market, organized retail is g rowing quickly. But with a mere 7 percent of the market, organized retailers are unlikely to drive kiranas (local grocery stores) out of business. Indian retailers simply lack the deep pockets and in-depth field expertise required to be on a par with global models.However, the presence of foreign retailers through Joint ventures and other means could speed up the process of transforming India's retail trade. Considering that small stores offer customers quick doorstep delivery and even credit xtensions – conveniences that no organized retailer in India has so far matched – local, unorganized retailers will likely retain a sizeable market share. The example of China demonstrates clearly that increased FDI in retailing does not necessitate the complete closure of local retailers.China first allowed FDI in retail in 1992, capping it at 26 percent, while India capped FDI in single-brand retail at 26 percent. Only in 2004 did China finally permit 100 percent FDI and local C hinese grocery stores have since grown from 1. 9 million to more than 2. 5 million. Organized etail has Just 20 percent market penetration in China, despite a 20 year lapse since the initial introduction of FDI. According to the proposed state regulations, the minimum FDI would be IJS$IOO million and retail stores would only be allowed in cities with more than one million people.Front-end operations would be allowed only in states that agree to authorize FDI in multi-brand retail. It will also be mandatory for retailers to source at least 30 percent of the value of manufactured goods, barring food products, from small and medium-sized, local enterprises. Such terms will serve as ample safeguards for small retailers. Farmers and small producers will benefit in the long run from better prices for their products and produce, while consumers receive higher quality products at lower prices, along with better service.The advantages outweigh the disadvantages of allowing unrestrained FDI i n the retail sector, as successful experiments in countries like Thailand and China demonstrate. In both countries, the issue of allowing FDI in the retail sector was first met with incessant protests, but allowing such FDI led to GDP growth and a rise in the level of employment. Moreover, in the fierce battle between the advocates and opponents of unrestrained FDI flows in the Indian retail sector, the impact of the consumer on the outcome of these policy changes has been largely disregarded.Consumers will ultimately respond to the incentives of convenience, price, variety and service. Thus, the Interests 0T tnose In tne unorganlzea retall sector will not De gravely unaermlnea; rather, the choice to visit a mega shopping complex or a small retailer/sab]imandi is purely left to the consumer, whose tastes are complex and constantly changing.