Effects of Back Massage on Chemotherapy-related Fatigue

Effects of Back Massage on Chemotherapy-related put onShahida AbbasiThis paper is aimed to critique on a quantitative enquiry article. Effects of ass massage on chemotherapy-related fatigue and anxiety Supportive care and therapeutic touch in crabby person nursing Written by Karagozoglu and Kahve (2013) as part of my assignment.The ProblemThe problem is significant to nursing as noted by Karagozoglu and Kahve (2013) that nurses are directly concern to provide care and deal with patients receiving chemotherapy and their experienced ramp effects. It is also mentioned that problem is significance to nursing, as nursing interventions intend to improve quality of life by reducing the stress level of the patient with cancer.Moreover, the habit of conducting quasi experimental and cross sectioned subject field investigate was to determine the strong point of back massage, a nursing intervention, on fatigue process which develops due to chemo therapy. Furthermore, on the anxiety lev el which develops, and has been explained explicitly. In my point of view this field of battle can accomplish its purpose as Burns and Grove (2011) mentioned that effects of autarkic variables on dependent variable can be determined through quasi experimental studies. In appendage, quasi experimental a quantitative approach theme build is best fit to determine the trenchantness of back message. In the article research variables back massage independent variable and fatigue as dependent variable has been explained with literary productions support, whereas I feel the dependent variable anxiety adopt more elaboration. The investigators promptly introduced the problem statement at the end of the introduction. In my point of view the answer to the problem provide insight into current issues in nursing practice because there was no report found which determine the effects of back massage in decreasing fatigue and anxiety of chemotherapy patients. In addition, the investigators h as stated the assumptions actually intelligibly that back massage providing during chemotherapy reduces fatigue and anxiety Moreover, limitations are not listed explicitly but reader can infer easy as evident by this statement, small precedent size was apply therefore, the findings of the necessitate could not be generalized. The limitations of quasi study design are as mentioned in Polit and Beck (2012) noted that in interventional study participants show reluctance to be selected through randomization. Thus these assumptions and limitations are realistic.Review of the LiteratureThe literature reviewed by the researchers is comprehensive, critical, and logical. Moreover, the literature was published during the period 1988- 2013 and most of them were not recent but relevant to the problem. The relationship to the research purpose is evident by the literature review. In addition to that the researchers included 21 recent research studies and of these three studies published in 2013 were also used. The investigators paraphrased the reviewed adequately did not use any quotation. The researchers made a cocktail dress logically for conducting a new study found on the reviewProtection of Human RightsThis study was designed to minimize risk and maximize benefits to participants. Moreover, the researchers indicated very explicitly that participants gave voluntary, verbal and written informed consent and no evidence of coercion was found. However, it is not evident in study that participants were invited to consent during periods of high stress. there is no evidence in the study that individuals can be identified and linked to study. The researchers very clear mentioned that approval to conduct the study has been taken from an independent ethics committee of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine.Theoretical / Conceptual FrameworkThe researchers did not describe any theory or framework to guide their study. Coughlan, Cronin and Ryan (2007) noted that sup posed frameworks tend to be break away developed in experimental and quasi-experimental studies. Burn and Grove (2011) noted that a well-developed quantitative study is based on clearly stated framework and quality of frame work needs to be evaluated for practicality. However, in this study the absence of theory or frame work did not detract the researchers from the significance of the research.HypothesisThe investigators formally stated hypotheses. It is curb to present the hypothesis in quantitative study as the investigators were interested to test the effectiveness of back massage. Burns and Grove (2011, p.167) stated that this type of researches are required to have hypothesis in order to predict outcome. Moreover, hypotheses are naturally derived from the research problem and transform the problem into predictable leave alones. In this study hypotheses contain two dependent and independent variables. Furthermore, the investigators stated hypotheses clearly and objectively and the prediction is evident. It is very obvious that these predictions are supported by the literature.SamplingThe target population carefully described by the researchers i-e patients who at least underwent for chemotherapy. The target population was appropriate according to the study problem and desirability. However, resource limitations are not mentioned in the study. The investigators described experiment selection procedures by giving strict eligibility criteria. However, it would be better if they had clearly mentioned the type of take in procedure used. Moreover, the sampling method fits with the research design and level of inquiry of study. However, the authors did not describe potential sample biases. harmonize to Polit and Beck (2012) under representation of the sample pertaining to research question should be acknowledge by the researchers. The sample is sufficiently large as Polit and Beck (2012, p.285) propose that small sample size will be adequate if researcher is certain about the strong relationship of the independent and dependent variables and it is described under the subheading of methods p.212.This study can be generalized on the target population and patients receive chemotherapy. The investigators have described the eligibility criteria to enroll participants on ( p.212) to ensure a representative sample. However, sampling error can be minimized by increasing the sample size. look DesignThe investigators used quasi experimental and cross sectional design to determine the effects of the interventions. The design used for the level of inquiry of research question and purpose of research was appropriate as Burn and Grove (2011, P.151) mentioned that this study design is to determine the effects of back massage on independent variables. The researcher did not discussed potential effects of confounding variables and possible measures to control such effects (validity). Polit and Beck (2012) proposes selection of homogeneous sample to control confounder, however, statistical analysis can also be used for the same purpose. The researchers gave enough information based on which study can be replicated.Data CollectionThe instruments Personal Information Form, The State apprehension part of Spielberger State- Trait Anxiety Inventry (STAI) Brief Fatigue broth (BFI) were used for data collection. Personal Information consists of nine questions for that detail is given under the subheading of Personal Information on p. 212. Moreover, State- Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) instruments developed by Spielberger et.al in 1964 has been used by Oner and Le Compte. Cronbachs alpha coefficient was given that shows validity and reliability. In addition, Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) developed by Mendoza et.al. (1999) which consists of 10 questions was used to assess fatigue, and the same scale was used by Cinar, Sezerli,Sarsmaz and Ments. The value of Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of the scale verifies its validity an d reliability. However, precept for the selection of instruments was not given. Instruments used in this study were congruent with research questions. Are results of these tests sufficient to indicate their use?The instruments are suitable for use with the study sample.Quantitative AnalysisDetermining the effectiveness of back massage is the third level of inquiry of study question, and for that quasi experimental and cross sectional study design is best fit.The investigators calculated mean and standard deviation for age. Chi-square test has been used for qualitative ordinal variables. A non-parametric Friedman test that is substitute of ANOVA has been used to analyze mean BFI score for intra group variability. Moreover, a Wilcoxon non-parametric test alternative to paired t-test was used to examine mean STAI scores of patients before, subsequently and right after chemotherapy. Furthermore, Mann-Whitney U test was used for mean STAI and BFI score of patients before and right afte r chemotherapy. Despite the fact that data were normally distributed, non- parametric test have been used. The link between the analysis and findings are logical, clear, and are evident by statistical rejection of null hypothesis by P-value. The researchers did not go beyond the data during interpretation of the findings, and they presented statistical result both in the narration and in tabulated form. The investigators used inferential statistic that is enough evidence to establish the correctness of the statistical result as Coughlan Cronin, P., Ryan (2007) noted that statistical significance assist the investigators to rule out threat to validity. The investigator presented findings in a table which is clear, simple, and accurate.Conclusions and RecommendationsData analysis clearly explained in reference to research questions and hypotheses.Since the study sample was small, the researchers made appropriate decision based on significant findings and did not claim for generalizat ions beyond the study sample or population. However, the results are applicable on our patients who are planning for chemotherapy. If we will implement this intervention to our context, then it will lead to increase comfort, accrue fatigue, and anxiety. Furthermore, there are no risks of implementing study findings mentioned explicitly or inferred. The authors also recommended that back massage during chemotherapy is effective intervention to be practiced to control the side effects especially fatigue and anxiety and this recommendation is well supported by the others studies. However, the investigatorsdid not give recommendations for future research studies.To determine the efficacy of back massage, a nursing intervention is a unique study which is significance for nursing practice. In this study the investigators used quasi experimental and cross sectional study design. Moreover, the study purpose of the study is explicitly stated. The investigators tested hypothesis with instrum ent which are reliable and valid and they described the instrument very comprehensively. Moreover, sample selection was carried out on strict eligibility criteria. Study findings have been explained in narration and in table. Finally, investigators gave conclusion based on findings that back massage is effective nursing intervention to decrease the fatigue and anxiety of the patients who receive chemotherapy. The investigators also mentioned that study cannot be generalized other than target population.ReferencesBurns, N., Grove, S. K. (2012). Understanding Nursing Research Building an Evidence-Based Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences.Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T. (2012). Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice. Lippincott Williams Wilkins.Coughlan, M., Cronin, P., Ryan, F. (2007). Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. Part 1 quantitative research.British Journal of Nursing,16(11), 658-663.

Cerebral Pasy vs Muscular Dystrophy :: essays papers

Cerebral Pasy vs Muscular DystrophyMuscular dystrophy is a r atomic number 18 get sinew builder distemper in which the muscle fibers argon unusually susceptible to damage. The muscles, primarily the voluntary muscles, become progressively weaker. In the late stages of stringy dystrophy, muscle fibers often are replaced by fat and connective tissue. There are several types of mesomorphic dystrophy. The various types of the disease affect more than 50,000 Ameri shadowers. Many are associated with specific transmitted abnormalities.The well-nigh common muscular dystrophies appear to be due to a genetic deficiency of the muscle protein dystrophin. These types of the disease are called dystrophinopathies. They acceptDuchennes muscular dystrophy. This is the most severe form of dystrophinopathy. Duchennes muscular dystrophy affects young boys. Signs and symptoms of the disease usually appear between the ages of 2 and 5. Children with the disease fall and take on difficulty get up off the floor. By late childhood, most are unable to walk. Most die by their late teens or archaean 20s, often from pneumonia, respiratory muscle helplessness or cardiac complications.Beckers muscular dystrophy. This is a milder form of dystrophinopathy. It generally affects older boys and young men, and progresses more slowly, usually everywhere several decades.Duchennes and Beckers muscular dystrophy are passed from mother to news through one of the mothers genes. The disease crowd out skip a generation until another son inherits the defective gene. In some cases of Duchennes and Beckers muscular dystrophies, the disease arises from a new mutation in a gene rather than from an inherited defective gene. separate types of muscular dystrophies can be handed on from generation to generation and affect males and females equally. Still others require a defective gene from both parents.Signs arMuscle weakness Apparent lack of coordination Inability to elevate your arms over your head Progressive crippling, resulting in loss of mobilityDiagnosisBlood Tests-Damaged muscles departure enzymes such as creatine kinase (CK) into the blood. High blood levels of CK suggest a muscle disease such as muscular dystrophyElectromyography- Electrical body process is measured as you relax and as you gently tighten the muscle. Changes in the pattern of electrical activity can confirm a muscle disease. The distribution of the disease can be determined by testing different muscles. Muscle Biopsy-A small piece of muscle is taken for laboratory analysis. The analysis distinguishes muscular dystrophies from other muscle diseasesGenetic Testing-This can be done simply by a small blood sample for laboratory testing to go over weather in that location is a abnormal geneCerebral Pasy vs Muscular Dystrophy essays papersCerebral Pasy vs Muscular DystrophyMuscular dystrophy is a rare inherited muscle disease in which the muscle fibers are unusually susceptible to damage. The mus cles, primarily the voluntary muscles, become progressively weaker. In the late stages of muscular dystrophy, muscle fibers often are replaced by fat and connective tissue. There are several types of muscular dystrophy. The various types of the disease affect more than 50,000 Americans. Many are associated with specific genetic abnormalities.The most common muscular dystrophies appear to be due to a genetic deficiency of the muscle protein dystrophin. These types of the disease are called dystrophinopathies. They includeDuchennes muscular dystrophy. This is the most severe form of dystrophinopathy. Duchennes muscular dystrophy affects young boys. Signs and symptoms of the disease usually appear between the ages of 2 and 5. Children with the disease fall and have difficulty getting up off the floor. By late childhood, most are unable to walk. Most die by their late teens or early 20s, often from pneumonia, respiratory muscle weakness or cardiac complications.Beckers muscular dystroph y. This is a milder form of dystrophinopathy. It generally affects older boys and young men, and progresses more slowly, usually over several decades.Duchennes and Beckers muscular dystrophy are passed from mother to son through one of the mothers genes. The disease can skip a generation until another son inherits the defective gene. In some cases of Duchennes and Beckers muscular dystrophies, the disease arises from a new mutation in a gene rather than from an inherited defective gene. Other types of muscular dystrophies can be handed on from generation to generation and affect males and females equally. Still others require a defective gene from both parents.Signs AreMuscle weakness Apparent lack of coordination Inability to elevate your arms over your head Progressive crippling, resulting in loss of mobilityDiagnosisBlood Tests-Damaged muscles release enzymes such as creatine kinase (CK) into the blood. High blood levels of CK suggest a muscle disease such as muscular dystrophyEl ectromyography- Electrical activity is measured as you relax and as you gently tighten the muscle. Changes in the pattern of electrical activity can confirm a muscle disease. The distribution of the disease can be determined by testing different muscles. Muscle Biopsy-A small piece of muscle is taken for laboratory analysis. The analysis distinguishes muscular dystrophies from other muscle diseasesGenetic Testing-This can be done simply by a small blood sample for laboratory testing to see weather there is a abnormal gene

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ThailandIntroduction A.Thailand is located in Southeast Asia in the Indochina peninsula. The country makes up around 198,117 square miles and is bordered by Burma, Laos, Cambodia, and Malaysia. Some well-known rivers that flow through Thailand are the Chao Phraya River and the Mekong River. The estimated population is approximately 67,448,120 with 75% being Thai, 14% being Chinese, and 11% categorized under other. Thailand is governed under a constitutional monarchy headed by King Rama IX. It joined the United Nations in 1946 after World War II. Thailands population has risen 6.2 % since 2010 and is undergoing mild population growth.Demographic Data(a.)Thailands birth prescribe has been steadily decreasing through the years. In 2000 the birth regularize stood at 16.86 (births per 1000 population). Today however the birth rate sits at 12.66. (b.)The death rate in Thailand is at 7.47 (deaths per 1000 population). This means since the death rate is lower than the birth rate there are on average twice as more births than deaths in Thailand.(c.) The fertility rate has also been declini...

Computers in Life :: Essays Papers

Computers in LifeA man wakes up in the morning to the sound of his digital alarm clock and immediately checks his e-mail. He turns on the television, which has a V-chip to keep his children from watching what may be violent. He gets dressed, gets in his gondola car, and drives to work where he whole kit and caboodle as the network administrator at a local steel company. It is amazing all of the things this man uses in the morning alone that would not be possible if it were not for computer technology. From his alarm clock to his e-mail even to the job that pays his bills it has all been made possible by computer related technologies. This is the selfsame(prenominal) situation with many people in American society today. Everything has to do with computers. The very first things that we consider computers were nothing more than adding machines. Perhaps the first type of this is the abacus, known in the Orient at least as early as 600 B.C.(Nunz 517). The abacus consists of a frame w ith rods that hold beads which depending on their position give a different number. It is usually made of wood and the rods that were thought to one time have been made of bamboo. Users can add, subtract, multiply, and divide just like late calculator (Fernandes). It all started with calculating machines and has advanced to the fast microprocessors we have today. People use computers everyday in many forms from the computer thats in a car to a home PC. Computers have changed everyday life in the way society drives, communicates, and relaxes. Society has changed because of computer technology and it will probably never go back. One thing that is very important to most people, especially in this area, which in most cases involves a computer, is the car. This is due mostly to the lack of effective habitual transportation in the area. Cars get people where they need to go from the mall to work and back home again. For those fortunate enough to have year 2000 standard cars there are some pretty amazing almost futuristic features. One of these is adaptive cruise control which monitors the car in front of the device driver and brakes accordingly.This feature is in more expensive BMWs and the Mercedes-Benz S class (Car Go to the Store... 8). This should make it a little easier for those people who have to commute a great distance to and from work everyday.

Describe The Main Limitations Suffered By Those With Chronic Essay

One of the major public health problems facing Australia immediately is Asthma. It is disturbing that there has been an apparent increase in its prevalence and severity, and increased rates of hospital admissions. (E.J.Comino, 1996) For the diagnosed patient, the degree to which he or she suffers is related to severity of the condition, shape with recommendations by medical experts, the immediate environment and the effectiveness of study programs. Like other major health problems, asthma has varying degrees of symptoms. As such, the degree and frequence of the symptoms limits many aspects of the asthmatics animateness. To describe the main limitations suffered by those with chronic asthma, asthma must be defined. Asthma is a condition whereby the sufferer has difficulty breathing cod to widespread narrowing of the airways of the lungs. This narrowing can be ca mappingd by a local inflammation of the air-ways, muscle contraction or the production of excess mucus with in bronch i. (R.Roberts, 1996) Most common is bronchial asthma. Medical definitions of asthma suggest that environmental triggers can substantially contribute to the occurrence of an asthma attack. The review of asthma in Victoria (1988) by the Asthma Foundation of Victoria outlined infection, exercise, climatic conditions, exposure to airborne irritants and emotional upsets as the main trigger factors. However, doctors use a general classification to identify a patients pattern of asthmaclassifying people who experience some symptoms of asthma on most days as having a chronic asthma condition. The classification system also extends to the categories of children, occupational asthma and asthma in later life. Usually regular medication is infallible to keep the lungs functioning as normally as possible. Some chronic asthmatics have severe symptoms over a long period of time and whitethorn require long term or indefinite medication to be able to lead a normal life. (Lane, 1996)The most obvious limitations suffered relate to the asthmatics physiologic dysfunction. However, physiological dysfunction can in turn contribute to greater social and psychological limitations. This area is related more specifically to quality of life and morbidity and will be discussed further on. The main physiological limitation is related to the presence of the bronchial narrowing slowing the movement... ...ciated with the effectiveness of asthma education programs. And hence secure the continuation and development of asthma education in the community.References1 Asthma Foundation of Victoria, Review of Asthma in Victoria, 1988.2 Beilby JJ,Wakefield MA, Ruffin RE, report use of Asthma Management plans in Australia, Medical Journal of Australia, 1997 166 298 301.3 Comino E J, Asthma Management in eastern Australia, 1990 and 1993, Med J Aust, 1996 164403-4064 Elizabeth J Comino, Medical Journal of Australia Asthma Management in eastern Australia, 1990 and 1993. MJA, 1 April 1996.5 Global Strat egy for Asthma Management and Prevention NHLBI/WHO Workshop, National Heart, Lung and birth Institute January 1995 Publication Number 95-36596 Lane Donald J, Asthma the Facts, Oxford university Press, 1996.7 National Asthma Campaign. Asthma deaths fall but death rate form unacceptably high. Melbourne National Asthma Campaign, 31 December, 1998. Media release.8 National Asthma Campaign. Implementation Plan, 1999 http//www.nationalasthma.org.au/nacsi/index.html9 Woolcock AJ, Rubinfield AR, Seale JP, et al. Asthma Management Plan 1989. Med J Aust 1989 151650-653.

My Future in The Intelligence Community of the U.S. Navy Essay

IntroductionAs a student and a midshipman at University, my college life has been divided into deuce responsibilities one, being a student majoring in Mathematics and devil, a midshipman training to become an officer in the U.S. navy. During my freshman year here in University, having these two roles put me in a very difficult situation. It was difficult, in the beginning, because I was torn between exigencying to become a Mathematics teacher someday and wanting to be a part of the military. However, after three years of training and learning more about the military, it became easier for me to decide as to where I want to be and that is, to serve in the military. The more I learn about the U.S. Navy, the more I want to become a part of it. There are many different communities in the Navy, and the community that I am hoping to become a part of is the intelligence community. technology and Intelligence Community of the U.S. NavyTechnology plays a big role in the military. One of the primary reasons technology changed and became so advanced in the military, nowadays, is because of the role that the wars played in the past and the sad events that have occurred recently such as the attacks in 2001. Wars in the past changed the militarys technology because the military had to adapt and learn from the mistakes from the past to acknowledge better ways to protect the nations and everyones safety. For instance, during the War of 1812, the U.S. Navy used certain technological advances that made it difficult for the Royal Navy to attack. (War of 1812, ). In the 200 years since the war of 1812, technological innovation has been an essential component in the ships, aircraft, sensors, and weapons that have contributed to victories by America... ...sourcing affect workforce stability. Retrieved from http//www.afcea.org/ point/articles/templates/Signal_Article_Template.asp?articleid=1440&zoneid=222Pappas, A., & Simon, J. (June). Central intelligence agency. Retrieved from https//www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol46no1/article05.htmlStanovov, A. (2010, May 05). Web log message. Retrieved from http//en.rian.ru/analysis/20100505/158882709.htmlWar of 1812 The navy & technology. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//ourflagwasstillthere.org/why-commemorate/the-navy-a-technology.html Image/Video(2010). Navy reserve intelligence officer. (2010). Web Video. Retrieved from http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=WEW2EVFrtec (n.d.). WWII The war that changed the world. Web Photo. Retrieved from http//en.rian.ru/images/15888/28/158882814.jpg

The Genome Revolution :: Genetics Biology Hereditary Essays Papers

Ever since the rediscovery of Gregor Mendals pea plant experiments through which he determined the laws of hereditary, new interests in the Genome Revolution ignited. Opinions were crosswise the charts from being drastically pessimistic to the contrasting optimistic. Through the years up to recent day, issues concerning the impact of the fields of medicine, reproduction, insurance, law and even our sense of self bewilder completely filled the minds of those who are in touch with the happenings of the Genome Revolution, whether they are against or for it. The affects of the Genome Revolution will be matte up both individually and also as a society. In the Rio Grande Valley, the mentality of the bulk is for the most part that of indifference, because they feel they are not moved(p) by most occurrences through out the world. For instance, when the shocking catastrophe of 9-11 occurred, the rest of the country was frightened of another attack, but my peers and myself di sregarded the possibility of the attack being in our particular part of Texas. With the Genome Revolution lamentable along at full throttle, the Rio Grande Valley will receive a shocking revelation that people in the Valley will be affected by the changes and discoveries in this particular field of science, and that they may be able to afford to sequence their own genome. With the advancement of the Genome Revolution, the consequences will start being felt in the near future. The field of Medicine will greatly be furthered with the help of genome sequencing. By making it possible to make plants with drugs in their DNA structure, people will be able to take the drug in a purer, safer form because the plant is not susceptible to human or animal diseases much(prenominal) as potatoes that contain a drug for liver cirrhosis. With the Rio Grande Valley being so close to the border of Mexico, many diseases tend to get passed over to the joined States causing the people in the Valley to take precaution of these dangers by using injected vaccinations. I know that I would rather eat a produce that contained the vaccine for influenza than get a shot every year. On the other hand, the seeds of a plant such as this could somehow get released uncontrollably into the environment and effect it in an unpredictable way.